Semax increases BDNF and NGF expression, modulates monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine), and enhances cerebral blood flow through NO-dependent mechanisms. It also upregulates genes involved in neuroplasticity and antioxidant defense.
Molecular studies reveal Semax activates TrkB receptors and downstream CREB signaling pathways critical for memory consolidation.